Project : A group of milestones or phases, activities or tasks that support an effort to accomplish something
Management : is the process of Planning, Organizing, Controlling and Measuring
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Project management
Project management is the discipline of organizing and managing resources (e.g. people) in such a way that the project is completed within defined scope, quality, time and cost constraints. A project is a temporary and one-time endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service, which brings about beneficial change or added value. This property of being a temporary and one-time undertaking contrasts with processes, or operations, which are permanent or semi-permanent ongoing functional work to create the same product or service over and over again. The management of these two systems is often very different and requires varying technical skills and philosophy, hence requiring the development of project management.
The first challenge of project management is to make sure that a project is delivered within defined constraints. The second, more ambitious challenge is the optimized allocation and integration of inputs needed to meet pre-defined objectives. A project is a carefully defined set of activities that use resources (money, people, materials, energy, space, provisions, communication, etc.) to meet the pre-defined objectives.
History of project management
As a discipline, project management developed from different fields of application including construction, engineering, and defense. In the United States, the forefather of project management is Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques, who is famously known for his use of the "Gantt" chart as a project management tool, for being an associate of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management[1], and for his study of the work and management of Navy ship building. His work is the forerunner to many modern project management tools including the work breakdown structure (WBS) and resource allocation.
The 1950s marked the beginning of the modern project management era. Again, in the United States, prior to the 1950s, projects were managed on an ad hoc basis using mostly Gantt Charts, and informal techniques and tools. At that time, two mathematical project scheduling models were developed: (1) the "Program Evaluation and Review Technique" or PERT, developed by Booz-Allen & Hamilton as part of the United States Navy's (in conjunction with the Lockheed Corporation) Polaris missile submarine program[2]; and (2) the "Critical Path Method" (CPM) developed in a joint venture by both DuPont Corporation and Remington Rand Corporation for managing plant maintenance projects. These mathematical techniques quickly spread into many private enterprises.
At the same time, technology for project cost estimating, cost management, and engineering economics was evolving, with pioneering work by Hans Lang and others. In 1956, the American Association of Cost Engineers (now AACE International; the Association for the Advancement of Cost Engineering) was formed
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Monitoring of Watershed Management Programmes in India
Experiences of the Indo-German Bilateral Project “Watershed
Management”
G.Honore1 and C.M.Pandey2
1Indo-German Bilateral Project ‘Watershed Management’,B-4/1
Vasant Vihar, New Delhi 110057, India
E-mail: info@watershedindia.org
2Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture, Natural Resources Management Division Shastri Bhawan,
New Delhi 110001, India
E-mail: cmanil@hotmail.com
Abstract: Watershed Management seems to be perceived by many as the only way to increase agricultural production in rainfed, marginal areas in India. Government of India and international donors are currently investing approximately 1000 millions USD / year into schemes dealing with watershed management. Unfortunately, more often than not, monitoring and evaluation does not get the required attention and therefore is very difficult to quantify or qualify the changes which have happened to natural resources but also to the livelihoods of people due to these programmes and in the long run to justify the need for these schemes. The Indo-German Bilateral Project “Watershed Management” is implementing since 1989 in 9 watersheds in 5 project regions throughout India participatory watershed programmes jointly through government departments and non-governmental organizations. From the beginning onwards the project focused strongly on monitoring and evaluating it’s activities
using a mix of participatory tools and scientific methd.
The paper will present and discuss a comparative evaluation of three adjacent watersheds
in North India (one treated in a participatory way (1,800 ha), one treated in a classical top-down
approach (3,500 ha) and one untreated control watershed (1,800 h
نظارت بر برنامه های مدیریت حوزه آبخیز در هند، تجربه دو جانبه هند و آلمان در پروژه مدیریت حوزه های آبخیز
چکیده:
به نظر میرسد آبخیزداری توسط بسیاری از محققین به عنوان تنها راه افزایش تولید محصولات کشاورزی در مناطق دیم حاشیهای در هند شناخته شده است. دولت هند و جوامع بین المللی کمک کننده در حال حاضر حدود 1000 میلیون دلار در سال برای طرحهای آبخیزداری سرمایه گذاری کردهاند. متأسفانه در بیشتر آنها، به پایش و ارزیابی توجه نمیشود و در نتیجه بررسی میزان تغییرات در کمیت و کیفیت پروژههای اجرا شده قابل بررسی نیست ولی این طرحها برای معاش مردم ضروری است و مدنظر قرار دادن معاش مردم با توجه به این برنامهها در دراز مدت نیاز به این طرحها را توجیه میکنند.
اجرای پروژه مشترک آبخیزداری بین دولت هند و آلمان از سال 1989 در 9 آبخیز و 5 پروژه در سراسر هند با برنامههای حوزه آبخیز مشارکتی مشترک از طریق ادارات دولتی و سازمانهای غیر دولتی