Chapter 1: Introduction 1
Overview 1
Statement of the Problem and Purpose of the Study 5
Significance and Justification of the Study 6
Research Questions 7
Research Hypotheses 8
What Is Known About Listening 8
What Is Known About Authentic Materials 10
Definition of Important Terms 12
Delimitations 13
Limitations 14
Organization of the Master Thesis 14
Chapter 2: Review of Literature 15
Introduction 15
Listening Comprehension 15
2.2.1 Definition of Listening 15
2.2.2 Importance of Listening 17
2.2.2.1 Listening and Academic Success 18
2.2.2.2 Discovery Listening 18
2.2.3 Listening as an Academic Process 20
2.2.3.1 Knowledge Required for Listening 20
Process
Listening Comprehension versus Reading 21
Comprehension
Listening Comprehension 23
2.2.5.1 Authentic and Listening 23
Comprehension
Different Kinds of Comprehension 24
Comprehension Preceding Production 25
2.2.6 Tasks for Listening Comprehension 25
2.2.6.1 Performing to Indicate Understanding 27
2.2.6.2 Teaching rather than Testing 28
2.2.7 Inner Speech and Language Learning 29
2.2.7.1 Listening and Speaking 29
2.2.8 Maturation and Language Learning 30
2.2.8.1 Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal 31
Development
The Role of Background Knowledge in 32
Learning Language
2.2.9.1 Schema Theory 32
2.2.9.2 Background Knowledge/Prior 33
Knowledge
2.2.10 Cultural Background 35
2.3 Listening and English-as-a-Foreign-Language Learning 36
2.3.1 The Emergency of Communicative Language 36
Teaching
Communicative Approach: Some Principles 38
and Features
2.4 The Use of Aural Authentic Materials 40
2.4.1 Definitions of Authentic Materials 40
2.4.2 Authentic Materials and Language Performance 41
2.4.3 Nature of Authentic Texts 43
2.4.3.1 Characteristics of Authentic Speech 43
2.4.3.2 Authentic Speech and Cultural Aspect 44
Chapter 3: Methodology 46
Introduction 46
Summary of the Study 46
3.2.1 Participants 48
3.2.2 Classroom Observation 49
3.3 Demographic Data of the Students 50
3.4 Classroom Environment 52
3.4.1 Setting 52
3.5 Classroom Practices 52
3.5.1 Listening Materials Implemented in Class 52
3.5.2 Class Procedure 53
3.6 Teacher’s Pedagogy 54
3.7 Interviews 55
3.7.1 Interviews with Students 56
3.7.1.1 First Interview 56
3.7.1.2 Second Interview 56
3.8 Self-Evaluation Questionnaire 57
3.9 Language Learning Strategy Questionnaire 58
3.10 Data Collection 59
3.11 Analysis of Data 60
3.12 Validity and Reliability 63
Chapter 4: Results 64
Introduction 64
Summary of the Study 64
Results of the Study 65
4.3.1 Results for Fundamental Research Question: 66
Influences of Aural Authentic Materials
4.3.1.1 Results from the Interviews with Students 67
4.3.1.2 Results from the Class Observation 69
4.3.1.3 Results from the Self-Evaluation 71
Questionnaire
4.3.2 Summary of Findings Related to the Influences 72
of Aural Authentic Materials
4.3.3 Results for Secondary Research Question#1: 73
Learning Strategy Use
4.3.3.1 Results from the Interview with 73
students
Results from the Class Observation 75
Results from the Learning Strategy 76
Questionnaire
4.3.4 Summary of Findings Related to the Learning 77
Strategy Use
4.3.5 Results for Secondary Research Question#2: 79
Attitudes towards Language Learning
4.3.5.1 Results from the Interviews with 79
Students
Summary of Findings Related to the Students’ 80
Attitudes towards Language Learning
4.4 Overall Findings of the Study 80
4.4.1 Students with no Progress in Listening Ability 81
4.4.2 Students with Progress in Listening Ability 82
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